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Description
CCNA Official Exam Certification Library, Third Edition, is the
newest edition of the all-time best-selling CCNA self-study preparation
package. This comprehensive review and practice package is designed for the
latest CCNA® 640-802 exams. The two books contained in this package,
CCENT/CCNA ICND1 Official Exam Certification Guide, Second Edition, and
CCNA ICND2 Official Exam Certification Guide, Second Edition, present
complete reviews and a more challenging and realistic preparation experience.
The books are updated to cover all the new 640-802 exam objectives, such as
security, wireless, IPv6, and troubleshooting.
What can you do with theCCNA Official Exam Certification Library?
- Assess your knowledge with chapter-opening quizzes
- Review key concepts with Exam Preparation Tasks
- Practice with hundreds of exam questions on the CD-ROM
- Learn about more complex topics with over one hour of video training
CCNA Official Exam Certification Library, Third Edition, presents you
with an organized test preparation routine through the use of proven series
elements and techniques. Do I Know This Already quizzes open each chapter and
allow you to decide how much time you need to spend on each section. Chapter
ending Exam Preparation Tasks sections help drill you on key concepts you must
know thoroughly and help increase your speed in answering questions, a
difficult hurdle many candidates face on the new exams. Final Preparation
chapters guide you through tools and resources to help you craft your final
study plan. Special troubleshooting sections help you master the complex
scenarios you will face on the exam.
The companion CD-ROMs contain a powerful testing engine with over 400
questions that allow you to focus on individual topic areas or take complete,
timed exams. The test engine also includes simulation and testlet questions,
and all questions are available in study mode and test mode. The assessment
engine also tracks your performance and provides feedback on a
chapter-by-chapter basis, presenting question-by-question remediation to the
text.
The bonus DVDs contain more than 60 minutes of personal video mentoring from
the author focused mainly on the topic of subnetting. These videos help bring
difficult subnetting concepts to life and make learning easy.
Well-regarded for its level of detail, assessment features, and challenging
practice questions, this completely revised and updated edition provides you
with more detailed information and more realistic practice exercises than any
other CCNA study guide, enabling you to succeed on the exam the first time.
Best-selling author and senior instructor Wendell Odom shares preparation
hints and test-taking tips, helping you to identify areas requiring further
study and to improve your conceptual and hands-on knowledge. The material is
presented in a concise manner, focusing on increasing your understanding of
exam topics and preparing you for the numerous challenges the exams
present.
These official study guides help you master all the topics on the CCNA
exams, including:
- TCP/IP and OSI networking models
- Operating Cisco routers and LAN switches
- Ethernet switch configuration and troubleshooting
- Virtual LANs and Spanning Tree Protocol
- Wireless LANs
- IP addressing and subnetting
- Routing protocols
- Router configuration and troubleshooting
- Static and connected routes
- VLSM and route summarization
- IP access control lists
- OSPF and EIGRP configuration
- WAN configuration and troubleshooting
- Frame Relay
- Network Security and VPNs
- NAT
- IPv6
- Troubleshooting
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Contents
158720181X
Foreword
Introduction
Part I: LAN Switching
Chapter 1 Virtual LANs
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 5
Foundation Topics 9
Virtual LAN Concepts
Trunking with ISL and 802.1Q
ISL
IEEE 802.1Q
ISL and 802.1Q Compared
IP Subnets and VLANs
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)
Normal VTP Operation Using VTP Server and Client Modes
Three Requirements for VTP to Work Between Two Switches
Avoiding VTP by Using VTP Transparent Mode
Storing VLAN Configuration
VTP Versions
VTP Pruning
Summary of VTP Features
VLAN and VLAN Trunking Configuration and Verification
Creating VLANs and Assigning Access VLANs to an Interface
VLAN Configuration Example 1: Full VLAN Configuration
VLAN Configuration Example 2: Shorter VLAN Configuration
VLAN Trunking Configuration
Controlling Which VLANs Can Be Supported on a Trunk
Trunking to Cisco IP Phones
Securing VLANs and Trunking
VTP Configuration and Verification
Using VTP: Configuring Servers and Clients
Caveats When Moving Away from Default VTP Configuration
Avoiding VTP: Configuring Transparent Mode
Troubleshooting VTP
Determining Why VTP Is Not Currently Working
Problems When Connecting New Switches and Bringing Up Trunks
Avoiding VTP Problems Through Best Practices
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 2 Spanning Tree Protocol
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1d)
The Need for Spanning Tree
What IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree Does
How Spanning Tree Works
The STP Bridge ID and Hello BPDU
Electing the Root Switch
Choosing Each Switch's Root Port
Choosing the Designated Port on Each LAN Segment
Reacting to Changes in the Network
Optional STP Features
EtherChannel
PortFast
STP Security
Rapid STP (IEEE 802.1w)
RSTP Link and Edge Types
RSTP Port States
RSTP Port Roles
RSTP Convergence
Edge-Type Behavior and PortFast
Link-Type Shared
Link-Type Point-to-Point
An Example of Speedy RSTP Convergence
STP Configuration and Verification
Multiple Instances of STP
Configuration Options That Influence the Spanning Tree Topology
The Bridge ID and System ID Extension
Per-VLAN Port Costs
STP Configuration Option Summary
Verifying Default STP Operation
Configuring STP Port Costs and Switch Priority
Configuring PortFast and BPDU Guard
Configuring EtherChannel
Configuring RSTP
STP Troubleshooting
Determining the Root Switch
Determining the Root Port on Nonroot Switches
Determining the Designated Port on Each LAN Segment
STP Convergence
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 3 Troubleshooting LAN Switching
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
Generalized Troubleshooting Methodologies
Analyzing and Predicting Normal Network Operation
Data Plane Analysis
Control Plane Analysis
Predicting Normal Operations: Summary of the Process
Problem Isolation
Root Cause Analysis
Real World Versus the Exams
Troubleshooting the LAN Switching Data Plane
An Overview of the Normal LAN Switch Forwarding Process
Step 1: Confirm the Network Diagrams Using CDP
Step 2: Isolate Interface Problems
Interface Status Codes and Reasons for Nonworking States
The notconnect State and Cabling Pinouts
Interface Speed and Duplex Issues
Step 3: Isolate Filtering and Port Security Problems
Step 4: Isolate VLAN and Trunking Problems
Ensuring That the Right Access Interfaces Are in the Right VLANs
Access VLANs Not Being Defined or Being Active
Identify Trunks and VLANs Forwarded on Those Trunks
Example: Troubleshooting the Data Plane
Step 1: Verify the Accuracy of the Diagram Using CDP
Step 2: Check for Interface Problems
Step 3: Check for Port Security Problems
Step 4: Check for VLAN and VLAN Trunk Problems
Predicting Normal Operation of the LAN Switching Data Plane
PC1 Broadcast in VLAN 1
Forwarding Path: Unicast from R1 to PC1
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Part II: IP Routing
Chapter 4 IP Routing: Static and Connected Routes
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
IP Routing and Addressing
IP Routing
IP Addressing and Subnetting
IP Forwarding by Matching the Most Specific Route
DNS, DHCP, ARP, and ICMP
Fragmentation and MTU
Routes to Directly Connected Subnets
Secondary IP Addressing
Supporting Connected Routes to Subnet Zero
ISL and 802.1Q Configuration on Routers
Static Routes
Configuring Static Routes
The Extended ping Command
Static Default Routes
Default Routes Using the ip route Command
Default Routes Using the ip default-network Command
Default Route Summary
Classful and Classless Routing
Summary of the Use of the Terms Classless and Classful
Classless and Classful Routing Compared
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 5 VLSM and Route Summarization
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
VLSM
Classless and Classful Routing Protocols
Overlapping VLSM Subnets
Designing a Subnetting Scheme Using VLSM
Adding a New Subnet to an Existing Design
VLSM Configuration
Manual Route Summarization
Route Summarization Concepts
Route Summarization Strategies
Sample "Best" Summary on Seville
Sample "Best" Summary on Yosemite
Autosummarization and Discontiguous Classful Networks
An Example of Autosummarization
Discontiguous Classful Networks
Autosummarization Support and Configuration
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Read Appendix F Scenarios
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 6 IP Access Control Lists
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
Standard IP Access Control Lists
IP Standard ACL Concepts
Wildcard Masks
A Quicker Alternative for Interpreting Wildcard Masks
Standard IP Access List Configuration
Standard IP ACL: Example 1
Standard IP ACL: Example 2
Extended IP Access Control Lists
Extended IP ACL Concepts
Matching TCP and UDP Port Numbers
Extended IP ACL Configuration
Extended IP Access Lists: Example 1
Extended IP Access Lists: Example 2
Advances in Managing ACL Configuration
Named IP Access Lists
Editing ACLs Using Sequence Numbers
Miscellaneous ACL Topics
Controlling Telnet and SSH Access with ACLs
ACL Implementation Considerations
Reflexive Access Lists
Dynamic ACLs
Time-Based ACLs
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Read the Appendix F Scenarios
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 7 Troubleshooting IP Routing
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
The ping and traceroute Commands
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
The ping Command and the ICMP Echo Request and Echo Reply
The Destination Unreachable ICMP Message
The Redirect ICMP Message
The ICMP Time Exceeded Message
The traceroute Command
Troubleshooting the Packet Forwarding Process
Isolating IP Routing Problems Related to Hosts
Isolating IP Routing Problems Related to Routers
Troubleshooting Scenario 1: Forward Route Problem
Troubleshooting Scenario 2: Reverse Route Problem
An Alternative Problem Isolation Process for Steps 3, 4, and 5
Troubleshooting Tools and Tips
Host Routing Tools and Perspectives
Host Troubleshooting Tips
LAN Switch IP Support
show ip route Reference
Interface Status
VLSM Issues
Recognizing When VLSM Is Used
Configuring Overlapping VLSM Subnets
Symptoms with Overlapping Subnets
VLSM Troubleshooting Summary
Discontiguous Networks and Autosummary
Access List Troubleshooting Tips
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Part III: Routing Protocols Configuration and Troubleshooting
Chapter 8 Routing Protocol Theory
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview
Routing Protocol Functions
Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols
Comparing IGPs
IGP Routing Protocol Algorithms
Metrics
IGP Comparisons: Summary
Administrative Distance
Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features
The Concept of a Distance and a Vector
Distance Vector Operation in a Stable Network
Distance Vector Loop Prevention
Route Poisoning
Problem: Counting to Infinity over a Single Link
Split Horizon
Poison Reverse and Triggered Updates
Problem: Counting to Infinity in a Redundant Network
The Holddown Process and Holddown Timer
Distance Vector Summary
Link-State Routing Protocol Features
Building the Same LSDB on Every Router
Applying Dijkstra SPF Math to Find the Best Routes
Convergence with Link-State Protocols
Summary and Comparisons to Distance Vector Protocols
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 9 OSPF
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
OSPF Protocols and Operation
OSPF Neighbors
Identifying OSPF Routers with a Router ID
Meeting Neighbors by Saying Hello
Potential Problems in Becoming a Neighbor
Neighbor States
OSPF Topology Database Exchange
Overview of the OSPF Database Exchange Process
Choosing a Designated Router
Database Exchange
Maintaining the LSDB While Being Fully Adjacent
Summary of Neighbor States
Building the IP Routing Table
Scaling OSPF Through Hierarchical Design
OSPF Areas
OSPF Area Design Advantages
OSPF Configuration
OSPF Single-Area Configuration
OSPF Configuration with Multiple Areas
Configuring the OSPF Router ID
OSPF Hello and Dead Timers
OSPF Metrics (Cost)
OSPF Authentication
OSPF Load Balancing
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 10 EIGRP
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
EIGRP Concepts and Operation
EIGRP Neighbors
Exchanging EIGRP Topology Information
Calculating the Best Routes for the Routing Table
Feasible Distance and Reported Distance
Caveats with Bandwidth on Serial Links
EIGRP Convergence
EIGRP Successors and Feasible Successors
The Query and Reply Process
EIGRP Summary and Comparisons with OSPF
EIGRP Configuration and Verification
Basic EIGRP Configuration
EIGRP Metrics, Successors, and Feasible Successors
Creating and Viewing a Feasible Successor Route
Convergence Using the Feasible Successor Route
EIGRP Authentication
EIGRP Maximum Paths and Variance
Tuning the EIGRP Metric Calculation
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 11 Troubleshooting Routing Protocols
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
Perspectives on Troubleshooting Routing Protocol Problems
Interfaces Enabled with a Routing Protocol
EIGRP Interface Troubleshooting Example
OSPF Interface Troubleshooting Example
Neighbor Relationships
EIGRP Neighbor Requirements
OSPF Neighbor Requirements
OSPF Neighbor Example 1
OSPF Neighbor Example 2
The MTU Matching Requirement
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Part IV: Wide-Area Networks
Chapter 12 Point-to-Point WANs
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
PPP Concepts
The PPP Protocol Field
PPP Link Control Protocol (LCP)
Looped Link Detection
Enhanced Error Detection
PPP Multilink
PPP Authentication
PPP Configuration
Basic PPP Configuration
CHAP Configuration and Verification
PAP Configuration
Troubleshooting Serial Links
Troubleshooting Layer 1 Problems
Troubleshooting Layer 2 Problems
Keepalive Failure
PAP and CHAP Authentication Failure
Troubleshooting Layer 3 Problems
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 13 Frame Relay Concepts
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
Frame Relay Overview
Frame Relay Standards
Virtual Circuits
LMI and Encapsulation Types
Frame Relay Addressing
Frame Relay Local Addressing
Frame Relay Global Addressing
Network Layer Concerns with Frame Relay
Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Containing All Frame Relay
DTEs
Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Per VC
Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: Hybrid Approach
Layer 3 Broadcast Handling
Controlling Speed and Discards in the Frame Relay Cloud
FECN and BECN
The Discard Eligibility (DE) Bit
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Chapter 14 Frame Relay Configuration and Troubleshooting
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
Frame Relay Configuration and Verification
Planning a Frame Relay Configuration
A Fully Meshed Network with One IP Subnet
Configuring the Encapsulation and LMI
Frame Relay Address Mapping
Inverse ARP
Static Frame Relay Mapping
A Partially Meshed Network with One IP Subnet Per VC
Assigning a DLCI to a Particular Subinterface
Comments About Global and Local Addressing
Frame Relay Verification
A Partially Meshed Network with Some Fully Meshed Parts
Frame Relay Troubleshooting
A Suggested Frame Relay Troubleshooting Process
Layer 1 Issues on the Access Link (Step 1)
Layer 2 Issues on the Access Link (Step 2)
PVC Problems and Status (Step 3)
Find the Connected Subnet and Outgoing Interface (Steps 3a and 3b)
Find the PVCs Assigned to That Interface (Step 3c)
Determine Which PVC Is Used to Reach a Particular Neighbor (Step 3d)
PVC Status
Subinterface Status
Frame Relay Mapping Issues (Step 4)
End-to-End Encapsulation (Step 5)
Mismatched Subnet Numbers (Step 6)
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Read the Appendix F Scenarios
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 15 Virtual Private Networks
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
VPN Fundamentals
IPsec VPNs
IPsec Encryption
IPsec Key Exchange
IPsec Authentication and Message Integrity
The ESP and AH Security Protocols
IPsec Implementation Considerations
SSL VPNs
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Part V: Scaling the IP Address Space
Chapter 16 Network Address Translation
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
Perspectives on IPv4 Address Scalability
CIDR
Route Aggregation for Shorter Routing Tables
IPv4 Address Conservation
Private Addressing
Network Address Translation Concepts
Static NAT
Dynamic NAT
Overloading NAT with Port Address Translation (PAT)
Translating Overlapping Addresses
NAT Configuration and Troubleshooting
Static NAT Configuration
Dynamic NAT Configuration
NAT Overload (PAT) Configuration
NAT Troubleshooting
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 17 IP Version 6
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
Global Unicast Addressing, Routing, and Subnetting
Global Route Aggregation for Efficient Routing
Conventions for Representing IPv6 Addresses
Conventions for Writing IPv6 Prefixes
Global Unicast Prefix Assignment Example
Subnetting Global Unicast IPv6 Addresses Inside an Enterprise
Prefix Terminology
IPv6 Protocols and Addressing
DHCP for IPv6
IPv6 Host Address Assignment
The IPv6 Interface ID and EUI-64 Format
Static IPv6 Address Configuration
Stateless Autoconfiguration and Router Advertisements
IPv6 Address Configuration Summary
Discovering the Default Router with NDP
Learning the IP Address(es) of DNS Servers
IPv6 Addresses
Unicast IPv6 Addresses
Multicast and Other Special IPv6 Addresses
Summary of IP Protocols and Addressing
Configuring IPv6 Routing and Routing Protocols
IPv6 Routing Protocols
IPv6 Configuration
IPv6 Transition Options
IPv4/IPv6 Dual Stacks
Tunneling
Translating Between IPv4 and IPv6 with NAT-PT
Transition Summary
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Part VI: Final Preparation
Chapter 18 Final Preparation
Tools for Final Preparation
Exam Engine and Questions on the CD
Install the Software from the CD
Activate and Download the Practice Exam
Activating Other Exams
The Cisco CCNA Prep Center
Subnetting Videos, Reference Pages, and Practice Problems
Scenarios
Study Plan
Recall the Facts
Practice Subnetting
Build Troubleshooting Skills Using Scenarios
Use the Exam Engine
Choosing Study or Simulation Mode
Choosing the Right Exam Option
Summary
Part VII: Appendixes
Appendix A Answers to the "Do I Know This Already?" Quizzes
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Appendix B Decimal to Binary Conversion Table
Appendix C ICND2 Exam Updates: Version 1.0
Glossary
Index
Part VIII: CD-Only
Appendix D Subnetting Practice
Appendix E Subnetting Reference Pages
Appendix F Additional Scenarios
Appendix G Video Scenario Reference
Appendix H ICND1 Chapter 12: IP Addressing and Subnetting
Appendix I ICND1 Chapter 17: WAN Configuration
Appendix J Memory Tables
Appendix K Memory Tables Answer Key
Appendix L ICND2 Open-Ended Questions
1587201828
Part I Networking Fundamentals 3
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Networking Concepts 5
Perspectives on Networking 5
The Flintstones Network: The First Computer Network? 8
Chapter 2 The TCP/IP and OSI Networking Models 17
Do I Know This Already? Quiz 18
Foundation Topics 21
The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture 22
The TCP/IP Application Layer 23
The TCP/IP Transport Layer 25
The TCP/IP Internet Layer 27
The TCP/IP Network Access Layer 28
Data Encapsulation Terminology 30
The OSI Reference Model 32
Comparing OSI and TCP/IP 32
OSI Layers and Their Functions 34
OSI Layering Concepts and Benefits 35
OSI Encapsulation Terminology 36
Exam Preparation Tasks 38
Review all the Key Topics 38
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 38
Definitions of Key Terms 38
OSI Reference 39
Chapter 3 Fundamentals of LANs 41
Do I Know This Already? Quiz 41
Foundation Topics 45
An Overview of Modern Ethernet LANs 45
A Brief History of Ethernet 48
The Original Ethernet Standards: 10BASE2 and 10BASE5 48
Repeaters 50
Building 10BASE-T Networks with Hubs 51
Ethernet UTP Cabling 52
UTP Cables and RJ-45 Connectors 52
Transmitting Data Using Twisted Pairs 54
UTP Cabling Pinouts for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX 55
1000BASE-T Cabling 58
Improving Performance by Using Switches Instead of Hubs 58
Increasing Available Bandwidth Using Switches 61
Doubling Performance by Using Full-Duplex Ethernet 62
Ethernet Layer 1 Summary 63
Ethernet Data-Link Protocols 63
Ethernet Addressing 64
Ethernet Framing 65
Identifying the Data Inside an Ethernet Frame 67
Error Detection 68
Exam Preparation Tasks 69
Review All the Key Topics 69
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 69
Definitions of Key Terms 69
Chapter 4 Fundamentals of WANs 71
Do I Know This Already? Quiz 71
Foundation Topics 74
OSI Layer 1 for Point-to-Point WANs 74
WAN Connections from the Customer Viewpoint 77
WAN Cabling Standards 78
Clock Rates, Synchronization, DCE, and DTE 80
Building a WAN Link in a Lab 81
Link Speeds Offered by Telcos 82
OSI Layer 2 for Point-to-Point WANs 83
HDLC 83
Point-to-Point Protocol 85
Point-to-Point WAN Summary 85
Frame Relay and Packet-Switching Services 86
The Scaling Benefits of Packet Switching 86
Frame Relay Basics 87
Exam Preparation Tasks 91
Review All the Key Topics 91
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 91
Definitions of Key Terms 91
Chapter 5 Fundamentals of IP Addressing and Routing 93
Do I Know This Already? Quiz 93
Foundation Topics 98
Overview of Network Layer Functions 98
Routing (Forwarding) 99
PC1s Logic: Sending Data to a Nearby Router 100
R1 and R2s Logic: Routing Data Across the Network 100
R3s Logic: Delivering Data to the End Destination 100
Network Layer Interaction with the Data Link Layer 101
IP Packets and the IP Header 102
Network Layer (Layer 3) Addressing 103
Routing Protocols 104
IP Addressing 105
IP Addressing Definitions 105
How IP Addresses Are Grouped 106
Classes of Networks 107
The Actual Class A, B, and C Network Numbers 109
IP Subnetting 110
IP Routing 114
Host Routing 114
Router Forwarding Decisions and the IP Routing Table 115
IP Routing Protocols 118
Network Layer Utilities 121
Address Resolution Protocol and the Domain Name System 121
DNS Name Resolution 122
The ARP Process 122
Address Assignment and DHCP 123
ICMP Echo and the ping Command 125
Exam Preparation Tasks 126
Review All the Key Topics 126
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 127
Definitions of Key Terms 127
Chapter 6 Fundamentals of TCP/IP Transport, Applications, and Security
129
Do I Know This Already? Quiz 129
Foundation Topics 133
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP and UDP 133
Transmission Control Protocol 134
Multiplexing Using TCP Port Numbers 135
Popular TCP/IP Applications 138
Error Recovery (Reliability) 140
Flow Control Using Windowing 141
Connection Establishment and Termination 142
Data Segmentation and Ordered Data Transfer 144
User Datagram Protocol 145
TCP/IP Applications 146
QoS Needs and the Impact of TCP/IP Applications 146
The World Wide Web, HTTP, and SSL 149
Universal Resource Locators 150
Finding the Web Server Using DNS 150
Transferring Files with HTTP 152
Network Security 153
Perspectives on the Sources and Types of Threats 154
Firewalls and the Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) 158
Anti-x 160
Intrusion Detection and Prevention 160
Virtual Private Networks (VPN) 161
Exam Preparation Tasks 163
Review All the Key Topics 163
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 163
Definitions of Key Terms 163
Part II LAN Switching 165
Chapter 7 Ethernet LAN Switching Concepts 167
Do I Know This Already? Quiz 167
Foundation Topics 171
LAN Switching Concepts 171
Historical Progression: Hubs, Bridges, and Switches 171
Switching Logic 174
The Forward Versus Filter Decision 175
How Switches Learn MAC Addresses 177
Flooding Frames 178
Avoiding Loops Using Spanning Tree Protocol 179
Internal Processing on Cisco Switches 180
LAN Switching Summary 182
LAN Design Considerations 183
Collision Domains and Broadcast Domains 183
Collision Domains 183
Broadcast Domains 184
The Impact of Collision and Broadcast Domains on LAN Design 185
Virtual LANs (VLAN) 187
Campus LAN Design Terminology 188
Ethernet LAN Media and Cable Lengths 191
Exam Preparation Tasks 194
Review All the Key Topics 194
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 194
Definitions of Key Terms 195
Chapter 8 Operating Cisco LAN Switches 197
Do I Know This Already? Quiz 197
Foundation Topics 200
Accessing the Cisco Catalyst 2960 Switch CLI 200
Cisco Catalyst Switches and the 2960 Switch 201
Switch Status from LEDs 202
Accessing the Cisco IOS CLI 205
CLI Access from the Console 206
Accessing the CLI with Telnet and SSH 208
Password Security for CLI Access 208
User and Enable (Privileged) Modes 210
CLI Help Features 211
The debug and show Commands 213
Configuring Cisco IOS Software 214
Configuration Submodes and Contexts 215
Storing Switch Configuration Files 217
Copying and Erasing Configuration Files 220
Initial Configuration (Setup Mode) 221
Exam Preparation Tasks 226
Review All the Key Topics 226
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 226
Definitions of Key Terms 226
Command References 226
Chapter 9 Ethernet Switch Configuration 231
Do I Know This Already? Quiz 231
Foundation Topics 235
Configuration of Features in Common with Routers 235
Securing the Switch CLI 235
Configuring Simple Password Security 236
Configuring Usernames and Secure Shell (SSH) 239
Password Encryption 242
The Two Enable Mode Passwords 244
Console and vty Settings 245
Banners 245
History Buffer Commands 246
The logging synchronous and exec-timeout Commands 247
LAN Switch Configuration and Operation 248
Configuring the Switch IP Address 248
Configuring Switch Interfaces 251
Port Security 253
VLAN Configuration 256
Securing Unused Switch Interfaces 259
Exam Preparation Tasks 261
Review All the Key Topics 261
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 261
Definitions of Key Terms 262
Command References 262
Chapter 10 Ethernet Switch Troubleshooting 267
Do I Know This Already? Quiz 267
Foundation Topics 271
Perspectives on Network Verification and Troubleshooting 271
Attacking Sim Questions 271
Simlet Questions 272
Multiple-Choice Questions 273
Approaching Questions with an Organized Troubleshooting Process 273
Isolating Problems at Layer 3, and Then at Layers 1 and 2 275
Troubleshooting as Covered in This Book 276
Verifying the Network Topology with Cisco Discovery Protocol 277
Analyzing Layer 1 and 2 Interface Status 282
Interface Status Codes and Reasons for Nonworking States 282
Interface Speed and Duplex Issues 284
Common Layer 1 Problems on Working Interfaces 287
Analyzing the Layer 2 Forwarding Path with the MAC Address Table 289
Analyzing the Forwarding Path 292
Port Security and Filtering 293
Exam Preparation Tasks 295
Review All the Key Topics 295
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 295
Definitions of Key Terms 295
Command References 295
Chapter 11 Wireless LANs 299
Do I Know This Already? Quiz 299
Foundation Topics 302
Wireless LAN Concepts 302
Comparisons with Ethernet LANs 302
Wireless LAN Standards 304
Modes of 802.11 Wireless LANs 305
Wireless Transmissions (Layer 1) 307
Wireless Encoding and Nonoverlapping DSSS Channels 309
Wireless Interference 311
Coverage Area, Speed, and Capacity 311
Media Access (Layer 2) 314
Deploying WLANs 315
Wireless LAN Implementation Checklist 315
Step 1: Verify the Existing Wired Network 316
Step 2: Install and Configure the APs Wired and IP Details 317
Step 3: Configure the APs WLAN Details 317
Step 4: Install and Configure One Wireless Client 318
Step 5: Verify That the WLAN Works from the Client 319
Wireless LAN Security 320
WLAN Security Issues 320
The Progression of WLAN Security Standards 322
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) 322
SSID Cloaking and MAC Filtering 323
The Cisco Interim Solution Between WEP and 802.11i 324
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) 325
IEEE 802.11i and WPA-2 325
Exam Preparation Tasks 327
Review All the Key Topics 327
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 327
Definitions of Key Terms 327
Part III IP Routing 329
Chapter 12 IP Addressing and Subnetting 331
Do I Know This Already? Quiz 331
Foundation Topics 336
Exam Preparation Tools for Subnetting 336
Suggested Subnetting Preparation Plan 337
More Practice Using a Subnet Calculator 338
IP Addressing and Routing 339
IP Addressing Review 339
Public and Private Addressing 341
IP Version 6 Addressing 342
IP Subnetting Review 343
IP Routing Review 345
Math Operations Used When Subnetting 347
Converting IP Addresses and Masks from Decimal to Binary and Back Again
347
Performing a Boolean AND Operation 349
Prefix Notation/CIDR Notation 351
Binary Process to Convert Between Dotted Decimal and Prefix Notation 352
Decimal Process to Convert Between Dotted Decimal and Prefix
Notation 353
Practice Suggestions 355
Analyzing and Choosing Subnet Masks 355
Analyzing the Subnet Mask in an Existing Subnet Design 356
The Three Parts: Network, Subnet, and Host 356
Binary Process: Finding the Number of Network, Subnet, and Host Bits 357
Decimal Process: Finding the Number of Network, Subnet, and Host Bits
358
Determining the Number of Subnets and Number of Hosts Per Subnet 359
Number of Subnets: Subtract 2, or Not? 360
Practice Examples for Analyzing Subnet Masks 361
Choosing a Subnet Mask that Meets Design Requirements 362
Finding the Only Possible Mask 363
Finding Multiple Possible Masks 365
Choosing the Mask that Maximizes the Number of Subnets or Hosts 366
Practice Suggestions 367
Analyzing Existing Subnets 368
Finding the Subnet Number: Binary 368
Finding the Subnet Number: Binary Shortcut 371
Finding the Subnet Broadcast Address: Binary 372
Finding the Range of Valid IP Addresses in a Subnet 375
Finding the Subnet, Broadcast Address, and Range of Addresses: Decimal
Process 377
Decimal Process with Easy Masks 377
Decimal Process with Difficult Masks 378
Finding the Broadcast Address: Decimal 381
Summary of Decimal Processes to Find the Subnet, Broadcast, and Range
382
Practice Suggestions 383
Design: Choosing the Subnets of a Classful Network 384
Finding All Subnets with Fewer Than 8 Subnet Bits 384
Finding All Subnets with Exactly 8 Subnet Bits 388
Practice Suggestions 389
Finding All Subnets with More Than 8 Subnet Bits 389
More Practice Suggestions 393
Exam Preparation Tasks 394
Review All the Key Topics 394
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 396
Definitions of Key Terms 396
Read Appendix F Scenario 1, Part A 396
Subnetting Questions and Processes 396
Chapter 13 Operating Cisco Routers 399
Do I Know This Already? Quiz 399
Foundation Topics 403
Installing Cisco Routers 403
Installing Enterprise Routers 403
Cisco Integrated Services Routers 405
Physical Installation 406
Installing Internet Access Routers 407
A SOHO Installation with a Separate Switch, Router, and
Cable Modem 407
A SOHO Installation with an Integrated Switch, Router, and
DSL Modem 408
Regarding the SOHO Devices Used in This Book 409
Cisco Router IOS CLI 409
Comparisons Between the Switch CLI and Router CLI 410
Router Interfaces 411
Interface Status Codes 413
Router Interface IP Addresses 414
Bandwidth and Clock Rate on Serial Interfaces 415
Router Auxiliary (Aux) Port 417
Initial Configuration (Setup Mode) 417
Upgrading Cisco IOS Software and the Cisco IOS Software Boot Process 420
Upgrading a Cisco IOS Software Image into Flash Memory 420
The Cisco IOS Software Boot Sequence 423
The Three Router Operating Systems 425
The Configuration Register 425
How a Router Chooses Which OS to Load 426
The show version Command and Seeing the Configuration Registers
Value 429
Exam Preparation Tasks 431
Review All the Key Topics 431
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 431
Definitions of Key Terms 432
Read Appendix F Scenario 2 432
Command References 432
Chapter 14 Routing Protocol Concepts and Configuration 435
Do I Know This Already? Quiz 435
Foundation Topics 439
Connected and Static Routes 439
Connected Routes 439
Static Routes 442
Extended ping Command 444
Default Routes 446
Routing Protocol Overview 448
RIP-2 Basic Concepts 449
Comparing and Contrasting IP Routing Protocols 450
Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols 451
Routing Protocol Types/Algorithms 452
Metrics 452
Autosummarization and Manual Summarization 454
Classless and Classful Routing Protocols 454
Convergence 455
Miscellaneous Comparison Points 455
Summary of Interior Routing Protocols 455
Configuring and Verifying RIP-2 456
RIP-2 Configuration 456
Sample RIP Configuration 457
RIP-2 Verification 458
Interpreting the Output of the show ip route Command 460
Administrative Distance 461
The show ip protocols Command 462
Examining RIP Messages with debug 464
Exam Preparation Tasks 467
Review All the Key Topics 467
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 467
Definitions of Key Terms 468
Command References 468
Chapter 15 Troubleshooting IP Routing 471
Do I Know This Already? Quiz 471
Foundation Topics 475
IP Troubleshooting Tips and Tools 475
IP Addressing 475
Avoiding Reserved IP Addresses 475
One Subnet, One Mask, for Each LAN 476
Summary of IP Addressing Tips 478
Host Networking Commands 478
Troubleshooting Host Routing Problems 482
Finding the Matching Route on a Router 483
Troubleshooting Commands 485
The show ip arp Command 485
The traceroute Command 486
Telnet and Suspend 487
A Routing Troubleshooting Scenario 491
Scenario Part A: Tasks and Questions 491
Scenario Part A: Answers 494
Scenario Part B: Analyze Packet/Frame Flow 495
Scenario Part B: Answers 496
Scenario Part B: Question 1 497
Scenario Part B: Question 2 498
Scenario Part B: Question 3 499
Scenario Part B: Question 4 501
Scenario Part B: Question 5 501
Scenario Part B: Question 6 502
Scenario Part B: Question 7 503
Scenario Part C: Analyze Connected Routes 503
Scenario Part C: Answers 503
Exam Preparation Tasks 505
Review All the Key Topics 505
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 506
Command Reference 506
Part IV Wide-Area Networks 509
Chapter 16 WAN Concepts 511
Do I Know This Already? Quiz 511
Foundation Topics 514
WAN Technologies 514
Perspectives on the PSTN 514
Analog Modems 517
Digital Subscriber Line 519
DSL Types, Speeds, and Distances 521
DSL Summary 522
Cable Internet 523
Comparison of Remote-Access Technologies 525
ATM 525
Packet Switching Versus Circuit Switching 527
Ethernet as a WAN Service 527
IP Services for Internet Access 528
Address Assignment on the Internet Access Router 529
Routing for the Internet Access Router 530
NAT and PAT 531
Exam Preparation Tasks 536
Review All the Key Topics 536
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 536
Definitions of Key Terms 537
Chapter 17 WAN Configuration 539
Do I Know This Already? Quiz 539
Foundation Topics 542
Configuring Point-to-Point WANs 542
Configuring HDLC 542
Configuring PPP 545
Configuring and Troubleshooting Internet Access Routers 546
Internet Access Router: Configuration Steps 547
Step 1: Establish IP Connectivity 547
Step 2: Install and Access SDM 548
Step 3: Configure DHCP and PAT 549
Step 4: Plan for DHCP Services 554
Step 5: Configure the DHCP Server 556
Internet Access Router Verification 557
Exam Preparation Tasks 560
Review All the Key Topics 560
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 560
Definitions of Key Terms 560
Command References 560
Part V Final Preparation 563
Chapter 18 Final Preparation 565
Tools for Final Preparation 565
Exam Engine and Questions on the CD 565
Install the Software from the CD 566
Activate and Download the Practice Exam 566
Activating Other Exams 567
The Cisco CCNA Prep Center 567
Subnetting Videos, Reference Pages, and Practice Problems 568
Scenarios 568
Study Plan 569
Recall the Facts 569
Practice Subnetting 570
Build Troubleshooting Skills Using Scenarios 571
Use the Exam Engine 571
Choosing Study or Simulation Mode 572
Choosing the Right Exam Option 572
Summary 573
Part VI Appendixes 575
Appendix A Answers to the Do I Know This Already? Quizzes 577
Chapter 2 577
Chapter 3 578
Chapter 4 578
Chapter 5 579
Chapter 6 579
Chapter 7 580
Chapter 8 581
Chapter 9 581
Chapter 10 582
Chapter 11 583
Chapter 12 584
Chapter 13 585
Chapter 14 586
Chapter 15 587
Chapter 16 588
Chapter 17 589
Appendix B Decimal to Binary Conversion Table 591
Appendix C ICND1 Exam Updates: Version 1.0 595
Glossary 599
top
Author
Wendell Odom, CCIE® No. 1624, has been in the networking industry
since 1981. He currently teaches QoS, MPLS, and CCNA courses for Skyline
Advanced Technology Services (www.skyline-ats.com). Wendell has also worked as
a network engineer, consultant, systems engineer, and instructor and course
developer and has taught authorized Cisco courses for the majority of the last
14 years.
